Making College A More Peaceful Time - 954 Words

Making College a More Peaceful Time In America, students usually go through about 13 years of schooling until they can finally attend a college or university. It is often the first time where adolescents will have more freedom in their lives because it is their choice on whether they want to continue their education or not. If they choose to continue their education, they will have to take on more responsibilities in their life that will help them with their future. A student’s journey through college can often be a rollercoaster because they are experiencing multiple new situations while having to focus on their education. This can cause students to have problems that they do not always for because they do not know how to handle their situation. A few of the problems that college students face are having trouble paying for tuition, procrastination with their work and feeling stressed out. It is going to be tough for a student handle these problems but if they have hope and co me up with a plan these problems can get solved. The expenses for college and especially university can be extreme for any student to pay because tuition can be thousands of dollars. Besides the wealthy, it will be very difficult for anyone to pay this tuition because most people do not earn enough money. Getting a student loan is a decent option for the time being, but it can be difficult to pay off the loan in the long run. The best option to choose is to apply for a scholarship because it does notShow MoreRelatedRacism At The University Of Mississippi1233 Words   |  5 PagesImagine being a student of low economic status that has always dreamed of going to a world renowned university but the stench of racism still looms at the well-known college. The racism displayed at this university is undeniable and very visible which in result scares away many diverse students. 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Commedia dell’arte is a performance style that originated...

Commedia dell’arte is a performance style that originated in Italy emphasizing pantomime, improvisation, and ensemble acting, using over the top movements to accentuate emotions on a bare stage. Although shows presented by commedia dell’arte troupes were improvisations they were heavily influenced using an array of stock situations along with very well-developed masks (characters). Commedia dell’arte masks have molded the creation of characters from William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Merchant of Venice† to Matt Groening’s â€Å"The Simpsons†. Keeping society entertained at every age. Unlike most masks in theatre, or even masks for ceremonial purposes, performers in commedia dell’arte wear masks that cover half of their face leaving their mouths free.†¦show more content†¦The use of masks was of a great significance to the early performers. (Marczak, 7) Early in the life of commedia dell’arte it quickly became normal to call the â€Å"character† â€Å"the Mask†. Performers would be the Mask of Il Capitano, or the Mask of Pantalone. This notion of being the mask can get confusing as not all commedia dell’arte characters wear masks that convey who they are. â€Å"Lovers are the Commedia stock characters that do not wear masks† (Sullivan 14). In this case the Masks are often referred to as stereotypes. This wouldn’t be very accurate. Stereotypical characters are very broad two dimensional characters that are based on a class of persons that have been stuck with prejudices and generalizations. Although old men are salacious and money-grubbing that isn’t all the Mask of Pantalone must be this way. If done right he is so much more than that, but that is left to the performer that takes on the Mask to develop with their own flair. Often we find Il Capitano playing the false romantic lead. Since he is part of the Vecchi (old people) one of his common functions is to interfere with the innamorati or young lovers. He is often hired by the father, Pantalone, to protect his daughter. Upon which Il Capitano often falls head over heels in love with her, creating opportunities for a great lazzi to occur. Lazzi are rehearsed comical bits added throughout the performance at the performer’s

Bite Mark Analysis Free Essays

Criminal cases many times call for the examination of evidence that can tie a suspect or victim to a crime scene or to one another. These physical traces frequently include blood and other bodily fluids, hair, fibers, and even bite marks. Here we will focus our attention to the latter and its accuracy, as it applies to the field of forensic science referred to forensic odontology or forensic dentistry. We will write a custom essay sample on Bite Mark Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forensic odontology is the field of forensic science dealing with the recognition of unique attributes present in each individual’s dental composition. 1] This branch of forensics relies heavily on extensive and detailed knowledge of the teeth, jaws, and dental anatomy possessed by a dentist. In addition to this knowledge, the forensic dentist must be well-versed in the interpretations of radiographs, pathology, charting, and types of dental treatment. The forensic dentist is dutifully responsible for the proper handling, assessment, and evaluation of dental evidence in the name of justice. The dentist is the key to identification based upon the distinctive features present in the dental structures of each individual. Identification of deceased individuals who cannot be identified by other means, identification of human remains, identification of victims in mass fatalities, assessment of bite mark patterns, and age estimation using teeth are all part of the role of forensic odontologists as well. [2] Identification of an assailant by comparing a record of their dentition with a record of a bite mark left on a victim and the presentation of bite mark evidence in court as an expert witness are also done as part of the job. Bite mark comparison is one of the major and newer parts of this forensic discipline that has been evolving since the 1970s and has played a major role in many cases and the convictions of many criminal including the infamous Ted Bundy who was convicted solely on evidence of a bite mark analysis. However, recently, there has been a lot of debating around the accuracy of a bite mark comparisons and if it can truly assist in accurately identifying suspect as the biter in an attack. For example, in 1991 Ray Krone, a former letter carrier without a criminal record, honorably discharged from the U. S. Air Force was charged with taking the life of a Phoenix cocktail waitress, Kim Ancona. A body examination revealed that she had been stabbed eleven times and bitten on the left breast and on her neck. Forensic evidence, or lack of it, indicated that there were no fingerprints and other bodily fluids although there was indication that she had been sexually assaulted. There was little evidence that tied Krone to the crime except for evidence of the bite mark on the victim’s breast, which a state forensic odontologist, Dr. Raymond Rawosn, said matched his very distinct teeth. The bite mark testimony of Dr. Rawson convinced the jury that Krone was guilty and he was convicted. [3] During the time of prosecution, forensic DNA technology was not generally available, but once it was, Ray Krone was proved innocent of the crime. A DNA test not only established that he was not involved in the fatal stabbing, but that also identified the true perpetrator – a person already incarcerated on another unrelated offense. After being cleared by DNA, Ray Krone walked out of the Arizona State Penitentiary at Yuma on April 8, 2002, a free man. 4] In another case, Ricky Amolsch, 38, ended up in jail for ten months over a mistake that a forensic dentist made. His girlfriend, Jane Marie Fray was gruesomely stabbed twenty-two times and an electrical cord was wrapped tightly around her neck. She was also bitten near her left ear. Amolsch was arrested, photographed and fingerprinted. The chief forensic odontologist for Wayne and Oakland Counties, Dr. Allan Warnick’s claims of a bite mark match persuaded the district judge to sign a capital warrant. The preliminary hearing relied on this evidence alone with the forensic dentist, Dr Warnick, giving a compelling testimony. Since Amolsch was not eligible for bond, he had to stay in jail until his trial, and during that time, he lost his home, his savings and his children. [5] After one of Warnick’s other cases was challenged, officials re-examined Amolsch’s case. Dr. John Kennedy, another forensic dentist, reviewed the case and gave a second opinion that it was someone else, not Amolsch, who had bitten Fray’s face. Two other forensic dentists agreed and Amolsch was released from jail. It is true that a human bite mark inflicted by an attacker on the skin of a victim may leave a definitive identifiable pattern that can be identified as being made by a certain set of teeth. If a suspect is apprehended his teeth are reproduced by taking impressions of the teeth and pouring plaster into the impression, thus producing a plaster model. The plaster models of his or her teeth are then put on a scanner and scanned to make a digital image. A tracing of the biting edges of the teeth is then made either using the omputer or tracings from the printed image. This tracing is then superimposed on the bite mark photo, either manually or electronically using a scanned image of the bite mark, to determine if a match can be made. [6] Bite mark analysis is based on two postulates: a) the dental characteristics of anterior teeth involved in biting are unique amongst individuals, and b) this asserted uniqueness is transferred and recorded in the injury. [7] However, some bites are force ful enough to leave a good impression, others are not. A bite might penetrate the skin, but often only leaves bruising—and sometimes the blood marks of a bruise are mistaken for the impression of a tooth. It also seems to be the case that skin gets distorted when bitten or the teeth slide during the act of biting. [8] Furthermore, the level of distortion tends to increase after the bite mark was made. A studies suggest that for the bite mark to be accurately analyzed, the body must be examined in exactly the same position it was in when the bite occurred which can be a difficult if not an impossible task to accomplish. In addition, bite mark analysis is also controversial because dental profiles are subject to change. The loss and/or chipping of teeth, or the alteration of arch configuration through a variety of procedures, such as the use of braces, is common in human populations. The onset of oral diseases such as dental caries has been shown to alter the arch and tooth configuration and must be taken into account when comparing a dental profile to the bite mark after a significant amount of time has passed since the mark was made. 9] All of these variables affect the validity of a bite mark analysis and trying to identify an biter through the uniqueness of his or her dentition. One particular case that highlighted the lack of uniqueness in bite marks involved two suspects accused of attacking a man that had sustained a bite mark injury. Two separate forensic dentists, one representing the prosecution and one the defense, were brought in to analyze the mark. They reported conflicting results. One found the mark to come from suspect A and the other said it was from suspect B. This disagreement resulted from the fact that even though the two suspects had dental features making them unique, the bite mark itself was not detailed enough to reflect them. Therefore, the mark could have reasonably come from either of the men[10]. The equivocal outcome demonstrated in the case emphasizes the difficulty in proving uniqueness. In conclusion, not all bite marks have the level of forensic value necessary to identify just one individual. Now, individual characteristic within a bite mark or in a person’s dentition is a distinguishing feature, trait, or pattern. Individual dental characteristics are reported to be features that are unique to an individual variation within a defined group. The presence of worn, fractured or restored teeth is valued as unique features. If a bite mark possesses the reflection of such a feature(s), the degree of confidence in a match increases. It is actually counter-intuitive to assume enamel chips, fractures, and dental restorations are always inherently unique. The shape of human teeth is quite constant in nature and their changes over time are based on common events. How to cite Bite Mark Analysis, Papers

Essay on Intersectionality in the Criminal Justice System Example For Students

Essay on Intersectionality in the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system is dynamic and has changed rapidly since the works of Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso during Enlightenment Period and this reflects in the issue of intersectionality with the changing approaches taken towards concepts of gender, race and class. Sexual assault will be a predominate study used throughout the essay to examine the different approaches and issues between traditional and non-traditional justices. This essay will first establish where are these intersectionalities found in terms of sexual assault cases and the challenges victims face in the legal process with traditional approaches then followed by a comparison to the transition towards non-traditional alternative justice system has responded with a deeper insight into restorative justices and its effects on resolving these challenges. The role of alternative justice and the key challenges in disproportionate crimes are also important aspects of intersectionality in Australia as they aim to r esolve challenges women and the mentally disabled encounter during processing through court in the criminal justice system. Gender is predominating in the criminal justice system and sexual assault exemplifies the contrast found between the traditional and non-traditional justice systems employed over time. Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of community, spreading insecurity in 43400 victims across Australia and 13300 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the recent Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report. (ABS 2011, p. 40) There has also been an increase of sexual assault by 51% since 1995 with an average of 4% every year. (ABS 2010) Another major issue within the boundaries of sexual assault is that it holds one of the lowest prosecution rates with only 1 in 10 incidents able to prosecute the offender as guilty. (Fitzgerald 2006, Pg. 1) Sexual assault perpetrators adhere to this as they act towards their victims, women in particular to gain a sense of control especially from low socio-economic backgrounds compared to the middle and upper class. (Fitzgerald 2006) The a bundance of statistics and reports conducted all imply that sexual assault is still a predominate issue with disproportionation of not only in gender of the victim but also in age and social class within the criminal justice system. Beyond the victimisation of women in the criminal justice system there is an abundance of research indicating that intersectionality is evident in policing and judicial roles. With 63.1% of female officers compared to the 14.2% of male officers reporting to have been exposed to sexual violence during service. (Prenzler, 1995) The US has a long track record of male dominating roles in the judicial system since there has been only 4 female compared to 108 male Associate Justices in the Supreme Court and half of them were only recently introduced under the Obama administration. The policing and judicial roles in the criminal justice system are imbalanced in gender with high social backgrounds that does not reflect the demographics of sexual assault victims thus the intersectionality is widened with the contrast in understanding. As seen with the issue of intersectionality in sexual assault cases, age is just as vital as gender in the criminal justice system. The victimisation rate of all sexually assaulted victims between ages 10 to 14 being 4 times greater than all the other age groups. (ABS 2010) These children similarly to women have several reasons for not approaching or not being approached by the criminal justice system. The fear of their identity becoming exposed to public knowledge, personal shame and embarrassment and reprisal from the offender especially in rural or isolated regions, victims prefer to disclose sexual assault incidents. (Borzycki 2007) With this it is estimated that only 30% of all sexual assault incidents are reported to police and only 20% of those reported incidents are investigated and undergo criminal proceedings. (AIC 2007) In response to the injustice of sexual assault, the traditional approaches of the criminal justice system has performed minimal or negative impact in reducing this intersectionality. Labelling the offender through their gender during proceeding in the courtroom to the public and on the media would affect their behaviour and this reflected in sexual assault cases. Deviants who were previous offenders and become labelled by society as ‘rapists’ risk sexual assault in correctional facilities, loss of their housing, occupation and thus encourage deviancy amplification and recidivism in the process of identity transformation. (Lemert 2000) Sexual offenses including sexual assault are the second mostly predominant serious offence committed by men and this gender inequality affects the attitudes of the criminal justice system on victims and offenders. This sense of stereotypical gender labelling creates schemas and promotes power motives for sexual aggression in men (Meyer 2000 ). This stigmatisation of gender which poses aggressive behaviour towards women is indicated through strategies employed to maintain this control by the offender include the isolation of the victim, humiliation and manipulation of the victim or her environment. (Clark Quadara 2010) The labelling of gender roles and criminalising offenders publically does not reduce the occurrence of sexual assault and instead provokes its recidivism and creating this ‘revolving door’ in the criminal justice system to past offenders. Depression And Mental Illness (Crime) EssayOne of the biggest flaws in the criminal justice system in tackling intersectionality is seen in the series of cases of sexual assault. Victims influenced by their gender or mental health are greatly undermined with traditional approaches taken. Non-traditional and alternative justice systems have provided some more benefits in aiding victims with increase in awareness and prevention efforts but the issue is still widely evident today and will continue to shadow the criminal justice system. There has been a movement to simply treating victims as property during the Medieval Period, origins of feminism in movements of the 1970’s, the institution of legislations to increase accountability including the ‘Violence Against Women Act’ in the United States and the ‘Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women’ on an international level to the current focus of criminology in crime prevention. There have been radical changes since the 1940’s victims’ movement that instigated alternative justice which has resolve some but not all of the challenges due to intersectionality faced by women and the mental disabled in the criminal justice system. Bibliography †¢ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Recorded Crime Victims, Australia. Cat. No. 4510.0. †¢ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Recorded Crime, Victims 2009, Cat. No. 4500.0. †¢ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Crime Victimisation, Australia. Cat. No. 4530.0. †¢ Austlii. 2001. New South Wales Law Reform Commission Report 80. Available at: http://www.ipc.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/pages/R80APPENDIXB . †¢ Australian Institute of Criminology. 2004. Strong link revealed between drink spiking and sexual assault, . http://www.aic.gov.au/media/2004/november/20041112.aspx. . †¢ Australian Institute of Criminology. 2007. â€Å"Guilty outcomes in reported sexual assault and related offence incidents†, Crime Facts Info, no. 162. †¢ Australian Institute of Criminology. 2010. Trend in sexual assault, . http://www.aic.gov.au/statistics/violent%20crime/sexual%20assault.aspx. . †¢ White, R. Cunneen, C. 2002. Social Class, Youth Crime and Justice. SAGE Publications, London. †¢ Borzycki, M. 2007. â€Å"Pilot study on sexual assault and related offences in the ACT: stage 3†, Research and Public Policy Series, No. 79, Australian Institute of Criminology. †¢ Clark, H Quadara A. 2010. Insights into sexual assault perpetration: Giving voice to victim/survivors’ knowledge, Australian Institute of Family Studies. †¢ Fitzgerald, J. 2006. The attrition of sexual offences from the New South Wales criminal justice system. Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, 92, 1-12. †¢ Lemert, E, Lemert, C, Winter, M. 2000. Crime and Deviance, Rowman Littlefield, Lanham. †¢ Lievore, D .2004. Recidivism of Sexual Assault Offenders: Rates, Risk Factors and Treatment Efficacy, Australian Institute of Criminology. †¢ Lievore, D .2004. ‘Victim credibility in adult sexual assault cases’, Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 288. Australian Institute of Criminology. †¢ Meyer, J 2000, Brief Summary of the Root Causes of Sexual Assault. Colorado Coalition Against Sexual Assault, . Available at: http://www.ccasa.org/documents/Root_Causes_Short_Descriptions.pdf, . †¢ Prenzler, T. 1995. Equal employment opportunity and policewomen in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 28/3, 258-77. †¢ Strang, H. 2002. Repair or Revenge: Victims and Restorative Justice. Clarendon Press, Oxford. †¢ Taylor, N. 2007. ‘Juror attitudes and biases in sexual assault cases’, Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 344. Australian Institute of Criminology. †¢ Taylor, N Joudo, J. 2005. â€Å"The impact of pre-recorded video and closed circuit television testimony by adult sexual assault complainants on jury decision-making: an experimental study†, Research and Public Policy Series, No. 68, Australian Institute of Criminology.